"The rabbit dodged this way and
that, squatted suddenly to the ground while the hound rushed past.
Once, the dog's teeth sank in the hindquarters of the rabbit, jerked
the
little creature in full flight from the ground. But with a dying spasm,
the rabbit freed himself and ran on.
"Again, the hound's teeth
snapped and the fur could be seen tearing off in a fluff. With the
awful terror and pain tearing at its heart, the rabbit went
on. At last, he made the wrong turn and the hound closed in on it with
a
sickening crunch.
The rabbit was ground to death amid shrieks of agony. These cries of a
rabbit sound appallingly like those of a tortured little child."
--The Times, April 24, 1905
Los Angeles Times file photo
One of the entrances to Agricultural Park in an undated photo.
"Dog coursing" was a sensationally popular pastime in Los Angeles
that flourished in the 1890s despite repeated court rulings of animal
cruelty and a personal campaign by the mayor after the police chief
failed to close it down. The fight over coursing was so fierce that its
supporters nearly derailed the city's annexation of USC and nearby
Agricultural Park, where the races were held. A variation
of greyhound racing in which dogs chased a live jackrabbit over a
fenced field of about 40 acres, coursing was finally stopped through
the efforts of the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and resulted in the arrest of several
promoters, including an unrepentant E.J. "Lucky" Baldwin.
The races, which date to ancient times and were given a set of rules in Elizabethan England,
were already underway elsewhere in California before being introduced
to Los Angeles in the summer of 1897 by Francis D. Black, the manager
of what is now Exposition Park. Coursing caught on quickly, The Times
said, adding: "The
people take to it with a vim that surpassed their enthusiasm for horse
racing."
::

Jan. 1, 1898, the "slipper."
In
a typical coursing match, a rabbit was released into a large open field
that was tightly fenced. To give the rabbit what was considered a
sporting chance, there was an inner enclosure with 20 to 40 "escapes"
in which it could flee to safety from the dogs. At one end of the
grounds was a grandstand and many stories noted that the finely dressed
women spectators, rather than being reserved and delicate, were far
more bloodthirsty than the men.
A man called a "slipper" held
two competing greyhounds -- sometimes four -- on a leash, while the
rabbit was given a head start of 60 yards to 80 yards. The dogs were
released to chase the rabbit and trailed by a man on horseback who
judged the race by assigning points based on when the dogs turned to
follow the rabbit, when one dog passed the other and when a dog caught
the prey. If the rabbit wasn't dead when the dogs were through, someone
killed it by stepping on its skull.
Although The Times
eventually opposed the races, the paper endorsed them at first:
"Coursing as a sport is almost as old as the sport of falconry and
there is no country on the civilized globe where it is not indulged
in," it said in 1898.
In
explaining the races to a novice audience in 1897, The Times said: "The
two species are natural enemies, and, while the dogs kill the
rabbits as a general conclusion to a race, there is nothing cruel in
the sport. The hares are given 'way the best of the start,' and more
than 40 escapes are provided for them into which they can run and
find safety.
"As a matter of fact, the hares are jackrabbits, the
pest of Southern California. Thousands and tens of thousands of the
rabbits are killed every year by farmers, whose orchards and vineyards
they are ruining, by driving the rabbits into a pen and beating them to
death with clubs. Such work is slaughter, necessary slaughter, it is
true, but slaughter none the less. Coursing is not.
"The rabbit
is turned loose in the field and the dogs are turned loose after it. If
the dogs are swifter than the rabbit, they catch and kill it, just as
nature intended they should do, but the rabbit has a chance for its
life never given it in a rabbit drive by the farmers club. There is
nothing brutal in coursing."
Not
only did The Times imply that the races were merely following natural
law, a Thanksgiving story from 1897 said -- perhaps sarcastically --
that the rabbits relished their role.
"At Agricultural Park the winners in the coursing matches thanked an
ever-watchful providence for bestowing upon mankind the gift of good
dogs, sound in wind and speedy in the legs; the dogs were duly grateful
for the chance to use those legs, and the unfortunate jackrabbits
doubtless rejoiced over such an excellent opportunity to cultivate the
true martyr spirit in yielding up their wretched little lives for the
delectation of civilized humanity."
::

Jan. 1, 1898, the rabbit enclosure at Agricultural Park.
If
the races were intended to be thrilling spectacles of majestic sport,
they often fell short. Although promoters insisted that the rabbits
were crop-destroying vermin preying on local farmers, the animals were
actually imported from Kern County. And after being kept in dark cages
for days before the race, the suddenly freed rabbits frequently sat
trembling and frozen in fear, unresponsive to race course employees'
efforts to frighten them into running. Sometimes an injured rabbit was
mistaken for dead and had more dogs set on it when it sprang to life
and started running again.
As for what became of the dead rabbits, The Times explained that some were sold to a downtown meat market for 75
cents a dozen, others were cooked for the dogs and "one or two persons
about the park have enjoyed a rabbit stew for breakfast every Monday
morning for the last year."
The
dogs did not fare much better. Races sometimes had to be rerun because
the greyhounds didn't see their prey. A winning dog might run three
races in an hour, get a 30-minute rest, and then race again. One Times
story mentions a dog that was lame and ran on three legs. Another story
tells of an 11-year-old greyhound that won after being dosed with
cocaine.
Coursing at Agricultural Park was an immediate
sensation and within four months, promoters were reporting crowds of
2,500. Trolley service on the two lines to the park was increased to a
capacity of 2,000 people an hour with streetcars leaving for the park
every five minutes.
For two years, the enterprise flourished --
helped by "nickel in the slot machines" -- and then Black ran into the
first hint of the problems that lay ahead.
Along with the
races at Agricultural Park, Black ran a gambling operation at 143 S.
Broadway that accepted bets on races in New Orleans, Oakland and
elsewhere. When authorities closed him down in 1899, Black moved his
operation beyond the city limits to the park, but he got in trouble
with the American Turf Congress which prohibited off-track betting and said
the races were illegal.
Jan. 1, 1898: Trip, owned by Oscar H. Hinters, one of the fleetest hounds on the course.
Then came a more serious complication: Annexation.
Los
Angeles was continually expanding in this era and an election campaign
was underway to add USC to the city. Annexation would also include
Agricultural Park, which would mean an end to the dog races and
gambling.
In an attempt to tilt the election with a tactic
called "colonizing," Black hired about 100 men on the pretense of
resurfacing the grounds and housed them in tents at the park, making
them eligible to vote on annexation. On May 24, 1899, annexation of USC
passed by less than 10%, with a close vote in the university district,
139 to 116.
The next month, Black's wife went to the park and
tried to shoot his personal secretary, William Taylor, who was
evidently keeping Black away from home. Mrs. Black missed her target
and someone grabbed her arm before she could fire again as Taylor fled.
"To those who led her away she expressed her regret at the failure of
her effort," The Times said. She was never charged.
The next
day, Black and the park's "slipper" were arrested on charges of animal
cruelty by a newly appointed humane officer, and the trial was held in
Gardena.
The previous officer had seen nothing cruel about
coursing, but his successor had made a study of the operation by
interviewing Black two weeks earlier while posing as a gambling
entrepreneur from Santa Barbara who wanted to set up similar races.
Black's
trial ended in a hung jury, so new animal cruelty charges were filed
over another race in an attempt to put the case under the jurisdiction
of a court in Los Angeles.
On June 20, 1899, Justice James of
the Township Court ruled that the races were illegal under state law,
saying: "The coursing club is not conducted for the purpose of
destroying hares
because they are dangerous to crops when at large. The chase is had for
the purpose of furnishing an object of pursuit to the hounds, whereby
the spectators find amusement and recreation and the managers reap
financial gain."
Black was fined $10 and resumed the races pending an appeal.
In
July, The Times noted that gambling and coursing had continued at
Agricultural Park even though it was now part of the city. A furious
Mayor Fred Eaton had ordered Police Chief J.M. Glass to end the races
at once and when those efforts failed, despite Black's arrest, Eaton
vowed to lead a squadron of police officers to the park on the Fourth
of July and personally stop the races by arresting everyone and seizing
all the rabbits.
"If coursing can be run there without rabbits, he wants to see how it is done," The Times said. But
Black was tired of the legal battles, complaining to reporters: "The
town has been given over to the longhairs, so what's the use of trying
to do business?" His conviction was upheld on appeal and the case was
held as a precedent in state law.
::
Los Angeles Times file photo
E.J. "Lucky" Baldwin in an undated photograph.
With
racing shut down at Agricultural Park, enthusiasts looked for another
city that might be more friendly to coursing. Santa Monica rebuffed
attempts to begin races there, and in 1900, coursing began on what The
Times described as open land 10 or 12 miles east of Long Beach near the
beet fields of the Los Alamitos sugar factory.
By now, popular
opinion was turning against coursing, with opposition by The Times not
only in news stories, but in letters to the editor:
"It is a peculiar cry that the dying rabbit utters. It is the nearest
to the wail of a young child of any known sound. And how men that are
fathers and women that are mothers can hear these and at the same time
rise to applaud the fierce dogs that are pulling and crunching the
quivering bodies from which these wails and moans come is a question
that staggers a man that has not had all the pity and compassion frozen
out of his soul.
"The women who habitually attend these scenes
can sit and witness these performances without a breath of protest.
They grin and jest about 'the long-haired and old women,' referring to
those who believe coursing is cruel, and cruelty under the state's laws
in punishable. And when a hound is more fierce than others they rise
with shrieks and clap their hands in applause."
The
races continued infrequently without legal interference until March
1905, when E.J. "Lucky" Baldwin, whom The Times called "the despot of
Arcadia," announced plans to stage them.
A month later, a brawl
broke out at Baldwin's coursing grounds over an attempt to stop the
races. Three agents of the SPCA, one of them a deputy sheriff, planned
to halt coursing while Jack Birdie, a Baldwin enforcer who was also a
deputy, tried to handcuff one of them. Overpowered, Birdie gave up and
soon had his deputy's badge confiscated by the sheriff.
Known
throughout his life as a man who loved a fight, Baldwin was angry over
being arrested and outraged that he was taken to court in Pasadena
rather than Arcadia, where he had more influence. The Times said: "Upon
entering the courtroom 'Lucky' bragged aloud of his arrest, declaring
that it was just what he had been looking for and wanting for a long
time past. He declares that he will fight the case to the bitter end
and will not stop short of the Supreme Court, if it takes the biggest
part of his millions."
"I want every sign of a rabbit on my
ranch killed off," Baldwin said. "They are the worst pest I have to
contend with and I have a number. My dogs are out chasing them every
night and I intend to keep it up till I get every rabbit off my fields.
They have caused me to lose thousands of dollars in grain and grass
each year."
Stylishly arrayed woman applauds bloody killing of rabbit at Arcadia coursing event, April 24, 1905.
Baldwin and his seven co-defendants were released
on bail and the case lay dormant. After repeated inquiries, The Times
learned that all charges were dropped because the SPCA didn't want to
pursue the case, citing the expense to the county of fighting Baldwin
and the defendants' promise that coursing would not resume.
In
July, Baldwin's coursing grounds were turned into a baseball field,
perhaps as a ruse because two months later, word leaked out that rabbit
cages had been seen at the park and the dog kennels had been prepared
for the greyhounds.
Races were held once or twice more in
Arcadia before the district attorney's office took up the fight at the
SPCA's request in November 1905.
Dist. Atty. John D.
Fredericks rejected promoters' pleas that he permit them run a few
final races as "test cases." The Times said: "The only answer he has
made to them is that coursing has stopped in this county; the first man
who turns loose a dog in the trail of a rabbit will be put in jail."
Postscripts:
Black died in Hong Kong in 1905 and Baldwin died at his ranch in 1909.
The Arcadia coursing park was sold in 1907. In 1910, nearly all the
buildings at Agricultural Park were torn down as 104 acres, including
the coursing field, were cleared for a state exposition building and a
county historical museum and art gallery.
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